import os import random import time import warnings from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool import numpy as np from keras.src import tree from keras.src.api_export import keras_export from keras.src.utils import io_utils from keras.src.utils.module_utils import tensorflow as tf @keras_export("keras.utils.split_dataset") def split_dataset( dataset, left_size=None, right_size=None, shuffle=False, seed=None ): """Splits a dataset into a left half and a right half (e.g. train / test). Args: dataset: A `tf.data.Dataset`, a `torch.utils.data.Dataset` object, or a list/tuple of arrays with the same length. left_size: If float (in the range `[0, 1]`), it signifies the fraction of the data to pack in the left dataset. If integer, it signifies the number of samples to pack in the left dataset. If `None`, defaults to the complement to `right_size`. Defaults to `None`. right_size: If float (in the range `[0, 1]`), it signifies the fraction of the data to pack in the right dataset. If integer, it signifies the number of samples to pack in the right dataset. If `None`, defaults to the complement to `left_size`. Defaults to `None`. shuffle: Boolean, whether to shuffle the data before splitting it. seed: A random seed for shuffling. Returns: A tuple of two `tf.data.Dataset` objects: the left and right splits. Example: >>> data = np.random.random(size=(1000, 4)) >>> left_ds, right_ds = keras.utils.split_dataset(data, left_size=0.8) >>> int(left_ds.cardinality()) 800 >>> int(right_ds.cardinality()) 200 """ dataset_type_spec = _get_type_spec(dataset) if dataset_type_spec is None: raise TypeError( "The `dataset` argument must be either" "a `tf.data.Dataset`, a `torch.utils.data.Dataset`" "object, or a list/tuple of arrays. " f"Received: dataset={dataset} of type {type(dataset)}" ) if right_size is None and left_size is None: raise ValueError( "At least one of the `left_size` or `right_size` " "must be specified. Received: left_size=None and " "right_size=None" ) dataset_as_list = _convert_dataset_to_list(dataset, dataset_type_spec) if shuffle: if seed is None: seed = random.randint(0, int(1e6)) random.seed(seed) random.shuffle(dataset_as_list) total_length = len(dataset_as_list) left_size, right_size = _rescale_dataset_split_sizes( left_size, right_size, total_length ) left_split = list(dataset_as_list[:left_size]) right_split = list(dataset_as_list[-right_size:]) left_split = _restore_dataset_from_list( left_split, dataset_type_spec, dataset ) right_split = _restore_dataset_from_list( right_split, dataset_type_spec, dataset ) left_split = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(left_split) right_split = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(right_split) # apply batching to the splits if the dataset is batched if dataset_type_spec is tf.data.Dataset and is_batched(dataset): batch_size = get_batch_size(dataset) if batch_size is not None: left_split = left_split.batch(batch_size) right_split = right_split.batch(batch_size) left_split = left_split.prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE) right_split = right_split.prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE) return left_split, right_split def _convert_dataset_to_list( dataset, dataset_type_spec, data_size_warning_flag=True, ensure_shape_similarity=True, ): """Convert `dataset` object to a list of samples. Args: dataset: A `tf.data.Dataset`, a `torch.utils.data.Dataset` object, or a list/tuple of arrays. dataset_type_spec: the type of the dataset. data_size_warning_flag: If set to `True`, a warning will be issued if the dataset takes longer than 10 seconds to iterate. Defaults to `True`. ensure_shape_similarity: If set to `True`, the shape of the first sample will be used to validate the shape of rest of the samples. Defaults to `True`. Returns: List: A list of samples. """ dataset_iterator = _get_data_iterator_from_dataset( dataset, dataset_type_spec ) dataset_as_list = [] start_time = time.time() for sample in _get_next_sample( dataset_iterator, ensure_shape_similarity, data_size_warning_flag, start_time, ): dataset_as_list.append(sample) return dataset_as_list def _get_data_iterator_from_dataset(dataset, dataset_type_spec): """Get the iterator from a dataset. Args: dataset: A `tf.data.Dataset`, a `torch.utils.data.Dataset` object, or a list/tuple of arrays. dataset_type_spec: The type of the dataset. Returns: iterator: An `iterator` object. """ if dataset_type_spec is list: if len(dataset) == 0: raise ValueError( "Received an empty list dataset. " "Please provide a non-empty list of arrays." ) expected_shape = None for i, element in enumerate(dataset): if not isinstance(element, np.ndarray): raise ValueError( "Expected a list of `numpy.ndarray` objects," f"Received: {type(element)} at index {i}." ) if expected_shape is None: expected_shape = element.shape elif element.shape[0] != expected_shape[0]: raise ValueError( "Received a list of NumPy arrays with different lengths." f"Mismatch found at index {i}, " f"Expected shape={expected_shape} " f"Received shape={np.array(element).shape}." "Please provide a list of NumPy arrays of the same length." ) return iter(zip(*dataset)) elif dataset_type_spec is tuple: if len(dataset) == 0: raise ValueError( "Received an empty list dataset." "Please provide a non-empty tuple of arrays." ) expected_shape = None for i, element in enumerate(dataset): if not isinstance(element, np.ndarray): raise ValueError( "Expected a tuple of `numpy.ndarray` objects," f"Received: {type(element)} at index {i}." ) if expected_shape is None: expected_shape = element.shape elif element.shape[0] != expected_shape[0]: raise ValueError( "Received a tuple of NumPy arrays with different lengths." f"Mismatch found at index {i}, " f"Expected shape={expected_shape} " f"Received shape={np.array(element).shape}." "Please provide a tuple of NumPy arrays of the same length." ) return iter(zip(*dataset)) elif dataset_type_spec is tf.data.Dataset: if is_batched(dataset): dataset = dataset.unbatch() return iter(dataset) elif is_torch_dataset(dataset): return iter(dataset) elif dataset_type_spec is np.ndarray: return iter(dataset) raise ValueError(f"Invalid dataset_type_spec: {dataset_type_spec}") def _get_next_sample( dataset_iterator, ensure_shape_similarity, data_size_warning_flag, start_time, ): """Yield data samples from the `dataset_iterator`. Args: dataset_iterator: An `iterator` object. ensure_shape_similarity: If set to `True`, the shape of the first sample will be used to validate the shape of rest of the samples. Defaults to `True`. data_size_warning_flag: If set to `True`, a warning will be issued if the dataset takes longer than 10 seconds to iterate. Defaults to `True`. start_time (float): the start time of the dataset iteration. this is used only if `data_size_warning_flag` is set to true. Yields: data_sample: The next sample. """ from keras.src.trainers.data_adapters.data_adapter_utils import ( is_torch_tensor, ) try: dataset_iterator = iter(dataset_iterator) first_sample = next(dataset_iterator) if isinstance(first_sample, (tf.Tensor, np.ndarray)) or is_torch_tensor( first_sample ): first_sample_shape = np.array(first_sample).shape else: first_sample_shape = None ensure_shape_similarity = False yield first_sample except StopIteration: raise ValueError( "Received an empty dataset. Argument `dataset` must " "be a non-empty list/tuple of `numpy.ndarray` objects " "or `tf.data.Dataset` objects." ) for i, sample in enumerate(dataset_iterator): if ensure_shape_similarity: if first_sample_shape != np.array(sample).shape: raise ValueError( "All `dataset` samples must have same shape, " f"Expected shape: {np.array(first_sample).shape} " f"Received shape: {np.array(sample).shape} at index " f"{i}." ) if data_size_warning_flag: if i % 10 == 0: cur_time = time.time() # warns user if the dataset is too large to iterate within 10s if int(cur_time - start_time) > 10 and data_size_warning_flag: warnings.warn( "The dataset is taking longer than 10 seconds to " "iterate over. This may be due to the size of the " "dataset. Keep in mind that the `split_dataset` " "utility is only for small in-memory dataset " "(e.g. < 10,000 samples).", category=ResourceWarning, source="split_dataset", ) data_size_warning_flag = False yield sample def is_torch_dataset(dataset): if hasattr(dataset, "__class__"): for parent in dataset.__class__.__mro__: if parent.__name__ == "Dataset" and str( parent.__module__ ).startswith("torch.utils.data"): return True return False def _rescale_dataset_split_sizes(left_size, right_size, total_length): """Rescale the dataset split sizes. We want to ensure that the sum of the split sizes is equal to the total length of the dataset. Args: left_size: The size of the left dataset split. right_size: The size of the right dataset split. total_length: The total length of the dataset. Returns: tuple: A tuple of rescaled `left_size` and `right_size` integers. """ left_size_type = type(left_size) right_size_type = type(right_size) # check both left_size and right_size are integers or floats if (left_size is not None and left_size_type not in [int, float]) and ( right_size is not None and right_size_type not in [int, float] ): raise TypeError( "Invalid `left_size` and `right_size` Types. Expected: " "integer or float or None, Received: type(left_size)=" f"{left_size_type} and type(right_size)={right_size_type}" ) # check left_size is a integer or float if left_size is not None and left_size_type not in [int, float]: raise TypeError( "Invalid `left_size` Type. Expected: int or float or None, " f"Received: type(left_size)={left_size_type}. " ) # check right_size is a integer or float if right_size is not None and right_size_type not in [int, float]: raise TypeError( "Invalid `right_size` Type. " "Expected: int or float or None," f"Received: type(right_size)={right_size_type}." ) # check left_size and right_size are non-zero if left_size == 0 and right_size == 0: raise ValueError( "Both `left_size` and `right_size` are zero. " "At least one of the split sizes must be non-zero." ) # check left_size is non-negative and less than 1 and less than total_length if ( left_size_type is int and (left_size <= 0 or left_size >= total_length) or left_size_type is float and (left_size <= 0 or left_size >= 1) ): raise ValueError( "`left_size` should be either a positive integer " f"smaller than {total_length}, or a float " "within the range `[0, 1]`. Received: left_size=" f"{left_size}" ) # check right_size is non-negative and less than 1 and less than # total_length if ( right_size_type is int and (right_size <= 0 or right_size >= total_length) or right_size_type is float and (right_size <= 0 or right_size >= 1) ): raise ValueError( "`right_size` should be either a positive integer " f"and smaller than {total_length} or a float " "within the range `[0, 1]`. Received: right_size=" f"{right_size}" ) # check sum of left_size and right_size is less than or equal to # total_length if ( right_size_type is left_size_type is float and right_size + left_size > 1 ): raise ValueError( "The sum of `left_size` and `right_size` is greater " "than 1. It must be less than or equal to 1." ) if left_size_type is float: left_size = round(left_size * total_length) elif left_size_type is int: left_size = float(left_size) if right_size_type is float: right_size = round(right_size * total_length) elif right_size_type is int: right_size = float(right_size) if left_size is None: left_size = total_length - right_size elif right_size is None: right_size = total_length - left_size if left_size + right_size > total_length: raise ValueError( "The sum of `left_size` and `right_size` should " f"be smaller than the {total_length}. " f"Received: left_size + right_size = {left_size + right_size}" f"and total_length = {total_length}" ) for split, side in [(left_size, "left"), (right_size, "right")]: if split == 0: raise ValueError( f"With `dataset` of length={total_length}, `left_size`=" f"{left_size} and `right_size`={right_size}." f"Resulting {side} side dataset split will be empty. " "Adjust any of the aforementioned parameters" ) left_size, right_size = int(left_size), int(right_size) return left_size, right_size def _restore_dataset_from_list( dataset_as_list, dataset_type_spec, original_dataset ): """Restore the dataset from the list of arrays.""" if dataset_type_spec in [tuple, list, tf.data.Dataset] or is_torch_dataset( original_dataset ): # Save structure by taking the first element. element_spec = dataset_as_list[0] # Flatten each element. dataset_as_list = [tree.flatten(sample) for sample in dataset_as_list] # Combine respective elements at all indices. dataset_as_list = [np.array(sample) for sample in zip(*dataset_as_list)] # Recreate the original structure of elements. dataset_as_list = tree.pack_sequence_as(element_spec, dataset_as_list) # Turn lists to tuples as tf.data will fail on lists. return tree.traverse( lambda x: tuple(x) if isinstance(x, list) else x, dataset_as_list, top_down=False, ) return dataset_as_list def is_batched(dataset): """Check if the `tf.data.Dataset` is batched.""" return hasattr(dataset, "_batch_size") def get_batch_size(dataset): """Get the batch size of the dataset.""" if is_batched(dataset): return dataset._batch_size else: return None def _get_type_spec(dataset): """Get the type spec of the dataset.""" if isinstance(dataset, tuple): return tuple elif isinstance(dataset, list): return list elif isinstance(dataset, np.ndarray): return np.ndarray elif isinstance(dataset, tf.data.Dataset): return tf.data.Dataset elif is_torch_dataset(dataset): from torch.utils.data import Dataset as TorchDataset return TorchDataset else: return None def index_directory( directory, labels, formats, class_names=None, shuffle=True, seed=None, follow_links=False, verbose=True, ): """List all files in `directory`, with their labels. Args: directory: Directory where the data is located. If `labels` is `"inferred"`, it should contain subdirectories, each containing files for a class. Otherwise, the directory structure is ignored. labels: Either `"inferred"` (labels are generated from the directory structure), `None` (no labels), or a list/tuple of integer labels of the same size as the number of valid files found in the directory. Labels should be sorted according to the alphanumeric order of the image file paths (obtained via `os.walk(directory)` in Python). formats: Allowlist of file extensions to index (e.g. `".jpg"`, `".txt"`). class_names: Only valid if `labels="inferred"`. This is the explicit list of class names (must match names of subdirectories). Used to control the order of the classes (otherwise alphanumerical order is used). shuffle: Whether to shuffle the data. Defaults to `True`. If set to `False`, sorts the data in alphanumeric order. seed: Optional random seed for shuffling. follow_links: Whether to visits subdirectories pointed to by symlinks. verbose: Whether the function prints number of files found and classes. Defaults to `True`. Returns: tuple (file_paths, labels, class_names). - file_paths: list of file paths (strings). - labels: list of matching integer labels (same length as file_paths) - class_names: names of the classes corresponding to these labels, in order. """ if labels == "inferred": subdirs = [] for subdir in sorted(tf.io.gfile.listdir(directory)): if tf.io.gfile.isdir(tf.io.gfile.join(directory, subdir)): if not subdir.startswith("."): if subdir.endswith("/"): subdir = subdir[:-1] subdirs.append(subdir) if class_names is not None: if not set(class_names).issubset(set(subdirs)): raise ValueError( "The `class_names` passed did not match the " "names of the subdirectories of the target directory. " f"Expected: {subdirs} (or a subset of it), " f"but received: class_names={class_names}" ) subdirs = class_names # Keep provided order. else: # In the explicit/no-label cases, index from the parent directory down. subdirs = [""] if class_names is not None: if labels is None: raise ValueError( "When `labels=None` (no labels), argument `class_names` " "cannot be specified." ) else: raise ValueError( "When argument `labels` is specified, argument " "`class_names` cannot be specified (the `class_names` " "will be the sorted list of labels)." ) class_names = subdirs class_indices = dict(zip(class_names, range(len(class_names)))) # Build an index of the files # in the different class subfolders. pool = ThreadPool() results = [] filenames = [] for dirpath in (tf.io.gfile.join(directory, subdir) for subdir in subdirs): results.append( pool.apply_async( index_subdirectory, (dirpath, class_indices, follow_links, formats), ) ) labels_list = [] for res in results: partial_filenames, partial_labels = res.get() labels_list.append(partial_labels) filenames += partial_filenames if labels == "inferred": # Inferred labels. i = 0 labels = np.zeros((len(filenames),), dtype="int32") for partial_labels in labels_list: labels[i : i + len(partial_labels)] = partial_labels i += len(partial_labels) elif labels is None: class_names = None else: # Manual labels. if len(labels) != len(filenames): raise ValueError( "Expected the lengths of `labels` to match the number " "of files in the target directory. len(labels) is " f"{len(labels)} while we found {len(filenames)} files " f"in directory {directory}." ) class_names = [str(label) for label in sorted(set(labels))] if verbose: if labels is None: io_utils.print_msg(f"Found {len(filenames)} files.") else: io_utils.print_msg( f"Found {len(filenames)} files belonging " f"to {len(class_names)} classes." ) pool.close() pool.join() file_paths = [tf.io.gfile.join(directory, fname) for fname in filenames] if shuffle: # Shuffle globally to erase macro-structure if seed is None: seed = np.random.randint(1e6) rng = np.random.RandomState(seed) rng.shuffle(file_paths) if labels is not None: rng = np.random.RandomState(seed) rng.shuffle(labels) return file_paths, labels, class_names def iter_valid_files(directory, follow_links, formats): if not follow_links: walk = tf.io.gfile.walk(directory) else: walk = os.walk(directory, followlinks=follow_links) for root, _, files in sorted(walk, key=lambda x: x[0]): for fname in sorted(files): if fname.lower().endswith(formats): yield root, fname def index_subdirectory(directory, class_indices, follow_links, formats): """Recursively walks directory and list image paths and their class index. Args: directory: string, target directory. class_indices: dict mapping class names to their index. follow_links: boolean, whether to recursively follow subdirectories (if False, we only list top-level images in `directory`). formats: Allowlist of file extensions to index (e.g. ".jpg", ".txt"). Returns: tuple `(filenames, labels)`. `filenames` is a list of relative file paths, and `labels` is a list of integer labels corresponding to these files. """ dirname = os.path.basename(directory) valid_files = iter_valid_files(directory, follow_links, formats) labels = [] filenames = [] for root, fname in valid_files: labels.append(class_indices[dirname]) absolute_path = tf.io.gfile.join(root, fname) relative_path = tf.io.gfile.join( dirname, os.path.relpath(absolute_path, directory) ) filenames.append(relative_path) return filenames, labels def get_training_or_validation_split(samples, labels, validation_split, subset): """Potentially restrict samples & labels to a training or validation split. Args: samples: List of elements. labels: List of corresponding labels. validation_split: Float, fraction of data to reserve for validation. subset: Subset of the data to return. Either `"training"`, `"validation"`, or `None`. If `None`, we return all of the data. Returns: tuple (samples, labels), potentially restricted to the specified subset. """ if not validation_split: return samples, labels num_val_samples = int(validation_split * len(samples)) if subset == "training": io_utils.print_msg( f"Using {len(samples) - num_val_samples} files for training." ) samples = samples[:-num_val_samples] if labels is not None: labels = labels[:-num_val_samples] elif subset == "validation": io_utils.print_msg(f"Using {num_val_samples} files for validation.") samples = samples[-num_val_samples:] if labels is not None: labels = labels[-num_val_samples:] else: raise ValueError( '`subset` must be either "training" ' f'or "validation", received: {subset}' ) return samples, labels def labels_to_dataset(labels, label_mode, num_classes): """Create a `tf.data.Dataset` from the list/tuple of labels. Args: labels: list/tuple of labels to be converted into a `tf.data.Dataset`. label_mode: String describing the encoding of `labels`. Options are: - `"binary"` indicates that the labels (there can be only 2) are encoded as `float32` scalars with values 0 or 1 (e.g. for `binary_crossentropy`). - `"categorical"` means that the labels are mapped into a categorical vector. (e.g. for `categorical_crossentropy` loss). num_classes: number of classes of labels. Returns: A `tf.data.Dataset` instance. """ label_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(labels) if label_mode == "binary": label_ds = label_ds.map( lambda x: tf.expand_dims(tf.cast(x, "float32"), axis=-1), num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE, ) elif label_mode == "categorical": label_ds = label_ds.map( lambda x: tf.one_hot(x, num_classes), num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE, ) return label_ds def check_validation_split_arg(validation_split, subset, shuffle, seed): """Raise errors in case of invalid argument values. Args: validation_split: float between 0 and 1, fraction of data to reserve for validation. subset: One of `"training"`, `"validation"`, or `"both"`. Only used if `validation_split` is set. shuffle: Whether to shuffle the data. Either `True` or `False`. seed: random seed for shuffling and transformations. """ if validation_split and not 0 < validation_split < 1: raise ValueError( "`validation_split` must be between 0 and 1, " f"received: {validation_split}" ) if (validation_split or subset) and not (validation_split and subset): raise ValueError( "If `subset` is set, `validation_split` must be set, and inversely." ) if subset not in ("training", "validation", "both", None): raise ValueError( '`subset` must be either "training", ' f'"validation" or "both", received: {subset}' ) if validation_split and shuffle and seed is None: raise ValueError( "If using `validation_split` and shuffling the data, you must " "provide a `seed` argument, to make sure that there is no " "overlap between the training and validation subset." )